A team of researchers at Vanderbilt University looked into this question and concluded that contrary to widespread belief, washing your hands in hot water doesn’t kill germs more effectively and doesn’t get your hands any cleaner than washing with cold water. In order to kill bacteria on your hands with water alone, you would have to use boiling liquid that would burn you—212 degrees Fahrenheit or 99.98 degrees Centigrade.

In general, the temperature of hot water used for hand washing ranges from 104 to 131 degrees Fahrenheit or 40 to 55 degrees Centigrade. The Vanderbilt researchers noted that at the high end of that range, the water temperature might kill some germs but could also scald your skin. Another downside to using hot water for hand washing: it “can irritate the skin and affect the protective layer on the outside, which can cause it to be less resistant to bacteria,” according to Vanderbilt researcher Amanda R. Carrico.

You may be surprised to learn that the investigators found that washing your hands in cold water temperatures of 40 degrees Fahrenheit or 4.4 degrees Centigrade seems to reduce bacteria as effectively as warmer water, provided that you actually scrub, rinse, and dry your hands properly.

The main reason the Vanderbilt team looked into this issue was to gauge the effect of using hot water for hand washing on the environment. They found that in the United States, people use warm or hot water for hand washing 64 percent of the time. Figuring an estimated 800 billion hand washings in warm or hot water in the U.S. annually, the researchers calculated the energy cost at roughly the equivalent of the emissions of two coal-fired power plants, or 1,250,000 passenger cars. They also figured it would top the annual greenhouse gas emissions of El Salvador.

Using cooler water for hand washing would eliminate the annual energy-related carbon emissions of 299,700 U.S. homes or the total annual emissions from the U.S. zinc or lead industries.

To investigate the energy cost of hand washing, the Vanderbilt researchers asked 510 American adults around the country how often they wash their hands, for how long, and how hot the water is. They found that nearly 70 percent of those interviewed expressed the belief that using hot water for hand washing is more effective than warm, room temperature, or cold water.

The upshot of all this is the recommendation from the Vanderbilt team that we wash our hands with water that is a “comfortable” temperature, which may mean warmer in winter and cooler in summer.